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References 1. Paul Scherz, Simon Monk - Practical Electronics for Inventors, 4th Edition 2. BYJU's - Bipolar Junction Transistor

Introduction Operational amplifiers is an essential component in electronic devices. Operational amplifiers (op amps) are incredibly useful high-performance differential amplifiers that can be employed in a number of amazing ways. A typical op amp is an integrated device with a non-inverting input, an inverting input, two dc power supply lead...

Introduction In electronics, unwanted noise always exists. To avoid misoperation, noises must be attenuated by filters. In real world, RC filter is commonly used for reducing high-frequency noises. Let’s look around various filter types. Terminology -3dB Frequency (\(f_{3dB}\)) This represents the input frequency that causes the output signal...

Introduction In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two. Mainly the study of di...

Introduction RL Circuit consists of resistors and Inductors. Depending on the configuration, RL circuit can be applied in various fields. For example, RL circuit can be used as a relay circuit. Magnitude of Inductance \[L = {N^{2}μA \over ℓ}\] Voltage Faraday’s Law The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the ra...

Introduction RC Circuit consists of resistors and capacitors. Depending on the configuration, RC circuit can be applied in various fields. For example, RC circuit can be used as a Delay circuit. Step Response Practical Issues Voltage Rating Every capacitor has a limit on the amount of voltage that it can withstand across its plates. The vo...

What is passive elements? In grammar, a passive verb or sentence is one in which the subject is affected by the action. In electric circuit, resistor, capacitor, inductor are the passive elements. Passive elements are affected by electrons’ flow. Resistor Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of resisting the flow of electric char...